BACKGROUND: Intrauterine fetal demise is a recognized complication of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnant women and is associated with histopathological placental lesions. The pathological mechanism and virus-induced immune response in the placenta are not fully understood. A detailed description of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced inflammation in the placenta during fetal demise is crucial for improved clinical management. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 27-week gestation SARS-CoV-2-asymptomatic unvaccinated pregnant woman without comorbidities or other risk factors for negative pregnancy outcomes with a diagnosis of intrauterine fetal demise. Histopathological findings corresponded to patterns of subacute inflammation throughout the anatomic compartments of the placenta, showing severe chorioamnionitis, chronic villitis and deciduitis, accompanied by maternal and fetal vascular malperfusion. Our immunohistochemistry results revealed infiltration of CD68+ macrophages, CD56+ Natural Killer cells and scarce CD8+ T cytotoxic lymphocytes at the site of placental inflammation, with the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid located in stromal cells of the chorion and chorionic villi, and in decidual cells. CONCLUSION: This case describes novel histopathological lesions of inflammation with infiltration of plasma cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells associated with malperfusion in the placenta of a SARS-CoV-2-infected asymptomatic woman with intrauterine fetal demise. A better understanding of the inflammatory effects exerted by SARS-CoV-2 in the placenta will enable strategies for better clinical management of pregnant women unvaccinated for SARS-CoV-2 to avoid fatal fetal outcomes during future transmission waves.
COVID-19 , Fetal Death , Placenta , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious , SARS-CoV-2 , Humans , Female , Pregnancy , COVID-19/complications , COVID-19/immunology , Fetal Death/etiology , Adult , Placenta/pathology , Placenta/virology , Chorioamnionitis/pathology , Inflammation , Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
La preeclampsia es un trastorno hipertensivo multisistémico que se presenta después de las 20 semanas de gestación en 5% a 15% de gestantes y es causa de complicaciones que pueden afectar órganos importantes y hasta provocar la muerte durante la gestación o en el posparto. Incluye la preeclampsia severa, eclampsia y síndrome HELLP (hemolysis, elevation of liver enzymes, low platelets, por sus siglas en inglés). Se comunica tres casos de desprendimiento de retina que ocurrieron en dos pacientes con preeclampsia severa y una con eclampsia, todas con hemorragia y alteración visual en el posparto que requirieron tratamiento farmacológico. El desprendimiento de retina es un síntoma asociado a la preeclampsia y eclampsia que puede ser investigado por fundoscopia ocular para determinar si es factible su tratamiento conservador o farmacológico.
Preeclampsia is a multisystemic hypertensive disorder that occurs after 20 weeks of gestation in 5%-15% of pregnant women and is the cause of complications that can affect important organs and even cause death during gestation or in the postpartum period. It includes severe preeclampsia, eclampsia and HELLP (hemolysis, elevation of liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome. We report three cases of retinal detachment that occurred in two patients with severe preeclampsia and one with eclampsia, all with hemorrhage and visual alteration in the postpartum period that required pharmacological treatment. Retinal detachment is a symptom associated with preeclampsia and eclampsia that can be investigated by ocular fundoscopy to determine whether conservative or pharmacological treatment is feasible.
Objetivo . Describir los métodos usados para predecir preeclampsia y cómo prevenirla usando ácido acetilsalicílico (aspirina) a dosis bajas de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de las principales organizaciones de ginecología y obstetricia. Metodología . Se realizaron búsquedas en PubMed y Cochrane Library desde el 1 de enero de 2020 al 1 de mayo de 2022, con los términos "pre-eclampsia", "trastornos hipertensivos en el embarazo" e "hipertensión y embarazo". Nos enfocamos en los análisis y recomendaciones de las más reconocidas organizaciones internacionales de ginecología y obstetricia, independiente del idioma original. Resultados . Para la predicción de preeclampsia se usan dos estrategias que pretenden encontrar la población con más riesgo basada en: 1) hallazgos clínicos de riesgo por condiciones antes del embarazo o propias del embarazo, y 2) un algoritmo de múltiples factores que incluye hallazgos clínicos, presión arterial, biomarcador y Doppler de arteria uterina. Usando ambas estrategias se encuentra efectividad variable de la aspirina en prevenir la preeclampsia. Se considera las dosis más efectivas entre 50 y 150 mg, siendo 81 mg la más recomendada en la actualidad. La dosis de 150 mg por día ha mostrado efectividad en la preeclampsia lejos del término; sin embargo, se considera que tiene más efectos secundarios. Conclusiones . Las más prestigiosas y reconocidas organizaciones de ginecología y obstetricia y de salud recomiendan aspirina a dosis bajas para prevenir la preeclampsia, preferiblemente al iniciar el segundo trimestre de gestación y mantenerla hasta las 36 a 37 semanas.
Objective: To describe the methods used to predict preeclampsia and how to prevent it using low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) according to the recommendations of the main obstetrics and gynecology organizations. Methodology: We searched PubMed and Cochrane Library from January 1, 2020, to May 1, 2022, using the terms "pre-eclampsia", "hypertensive disorders in pregnancy" and "hypertension and pregnancy". We focused on the analyses and recommendations from the most recognized international obstetrics and gynecology organizations, independent of the original language. Results: For the prediction of preeclampsia, two strategies are used that aim to find the population at highest risk based on: 1) clinical findings of risk for pre-pregnancy or pregnancy conditions, and 2) a multi-factor algorithm that includes clinical findings, blood pressure, biomarker and uterine artery Doppler. Using both strategies, variable effectiveness of aspirin in preventing preeclampsia is found. The most effective dose range between 50-150 mg, with 81 mg being the most recommended at present. The dose of 150 mg per day has shown effectiveness in preeclampsia far from term; however, it is considered to have more side effects. Conclusions: The most prestigious and recognized obstetrics and gynecology and health organizations recommend low-dose aspirin to prevent preeclampsia, preferably at the beginning of the second trimester of pregnancy and maintained until 36-37 weeks.
